The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) is amending its existing standards to better protect miners against occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica, a significant health hazard, and to improve respiratory protection for miners from exposure to airborne contaminants. MSHA's final rule also includes other requirements to protect miner health, such as exposure sampling, corrective actions to be taken when a miner's exposure exceeds the permissible exposure limit, and medical surveillance for metal and nonmetal mines. Effective date: The final rule is effective 17 June 2024, except for amendments 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 69, 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, and 111, which are effective 14 April 2025, and amendments 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, and 18, which are effective 8 April 2026. Incorporation by reference date: The incorporation by reference of certain materials listed in the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register beginning 17 June 2024, except for the material in amendment 60, which is approved beginning 14 April 2025, and the material in amendments 9 and 18, which is approved beginning 8 April 2026. The incorporation by reference of certain other material listed in the rule was approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of 10 July 1995. Compliance dates: Compliance with this final rule is required 14…